At diagnosis, approximately 70% of patients already have detectable distant metastases ( 4). With an incidence of 1–5/10,000, SCLC is recognized as an orphan disease ( 3). Smoking is the single most risk factor for developing SCLC ( 2). Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 10–15% of all lung cancers in Western countries. Lung cancer is a major global health concern, and causes 1.6 million deaths yearly ( 1). Keywords: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) immunotherapy checkpoint inhibition In addition, opportunities for further improvement of therapies will be discussed, including the addition of radiotherapy, co-stimulatory antibodies, and other immune modifying agents. Here, we provide an overview of the rationale for and clinical results of the completed and ongoing trials using different strategies of immunotherapy in SCLC. This can probably help to identify the optimal predictive biomarkers, which are warranted to develop an individual therapeutic strategy including the rational use of a combination of immunotherapeutic agents. There is need for better knowledge about the biology, histopathologic features, and molecular pathways of SCLC.
However, the overwhelming majority of patients do not respond to ICI, or relapse rapidly. For the first time after several decades, a significant survival improvement was achieved for this population. Recently, synergistic activity has been reported for the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to standard platinum-based chemotherapy in the therapeutic strategy of advanced SCLC. Therefore, new and better treatment options are necessary. Despite exceptionally high responses (up to 80%) with chemotherapy, the majority of patients relapse rapidly within weeks to months after treatment completion. Hendriks 2ġ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal Barcelona (CIOCCB), Hospital HM Delfos, HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Spain 4 Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The NetherlandsĬontributions: (I) Conception and design: DW Dumoulin, AMC Dingemans, LEL Hendriks (II) Administrative support: DW Dumoulin, LEL Hendriks (III) Provision of study materials or patients: DW Dumoulin, LEL Hendriks (IV) Collection and assembly of data: DW Dumoulin, LEL Hendriks, AMC Dingemans (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.Ībstract: Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy has been the standard of care for many years for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconductĭaphne W.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.
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